Active Record และ PostgreSQL

# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_documents.rb
create_table :documents do |t|
  t.binary 'payload'
end

# app/models/document.rb
class Document < ApplicationRecord
end

# การใช้งาน
data = File.read(Rails.root + "tmp/output.pdf")
Document.create payload: data

# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_books.rb
create_table :books do |t|
  t.string 'title'
  t.string 'tags', array: true
  t.integer 'ratings', array: true
end
add_index :books, :tags, using: 'gin'
add_index :books, :ratings, using: 'gin'

# app/models/book.rb
class Book < ApplicationRecord
end

# การใช้งาน
Book.create title: "Brave New World",
            tags: ["fantasy", "fiction"],
            ratings: [4, 5]

## หนังสือสำหรับแท็กเดียว
Book.where("'fantasy' = ANY (tags)")

## หนังสือสำหรับแท็กหลายตัว
Book.where("tags @> ARRAY[?]::varchar[]", ["fantasy", "fiction"])

## หนังสือที่มีการจัดอันดับ 3 หรือมากกว่า
Book.where("array_length(ratings, 1) >= 3")

# db/migrate/20131009135255_create_profiles.rb
class CreateProfiles < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  enable_extension 'hstore' unless extension_enabled?('hstore')
  create_table :profiles do |t|
    t.hstore 'settings'
  end
end

# app/models/profile.rb
class Profile < ApplicationRecord
end

irb> Profile.create(settings: { "color" => "blue", "resolution" => "800x600" })

irb> profile = Profile.first
irb> profile.settings
=> {"color"=>"blue", "resolution"=>"800x600"}

irb> profile.settings = {"color" => "yellow", "resolution" => "1280x1024"}
irb> profile.save!

irb> Profile.where("settings->'color' = ?", "yellow")
=> #<ActiveRecord::Relation [#<Profile id: 1, settings: {"color"=>"yellow", "resolution"=>"1280x1024"}>]>

# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_events.rb
# ... สำหรับชนิดข้อมูล json:
create_table :events do |t|
  t.json 'payload'
end
# ... หรือสำหรับชนิดข้อมูล jsonb:
create_table :events do |t|
  t.jsonb 'payload'
end

# app/models/event.rb
class Event < ApplicationRecord
end

irb> Event.create(payload: { kind: "user_renamed", change: ["jack", "john"]})

irb> event = Event.first
irb> event.payload
=> {"kind"=>"user_renamed", "change"=>["jack", "john"]}

## ค้นหาข้อมูลโดยใช้เอกสาร JSON
# ตัวดำเนินการ -> จะคืนค่าชนิด JSON ต้นฉบับ (ซึ่งอาจเป็นวัตถุ), ในขณะที่ ->> จะคืนค่าเป็นข้อความ
irb> Event.where("payload->>'kind' = ?", "user_renamed")

# db/migrate/20130923065404_create_events.rb
create_table :events do |t|
  t.daterange 'duration'
end

# app/models/event.rb
class Event < ApplicationRecord
end

irb> Event.create(duration: Date.new(2014, 2, 11)..Date.new(2014, 2, 12))

irb> event = Event.first
irb> event.duration
=> วันอังคารที่ 11 กุมภาพันธ์ 2014...วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 13 กุมภาพันธ์ 2014

## กิจกรรมทั้งหมดในวันที่กำหนด
irb> Event.where("duration @> ?::date", Date.new(2014, 2, 12))

## การทำงานกับขอบเขตของช่วง
irb> event = Event.select("lower(duration) AS starts_at").select("upper(duration) AS ends_at").first

irb> event.starts_at
=> วันอังคารที่ 11 กุมภาพันธ์ 2014
irb> event.ends_at
=> วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 13 กุมภาพันธ์ 2014

CREATE TYPE full_address AS
(
  city VARCHAR(90),
  street VARCHAR(90)
);

# db/migrate/20140207133952_create_contacts.rb
execute <<-SQL
  CREATE TYPE full_address AS
  (
    city VARCHAR(90),
    street VARCHAR(90)
  );
SQL
create_table :contacts do |t|
  t.column :address, :full_address
end

# app/models/contact.rb
class Contact < ApplicationRecord
end

irb> Contact.create address: "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
irb> contact = Contact.first
irb> contact.address
=> "(Paris,Champs-Élysées)"
irb> contact.address = "(Paris,Rue Basse)"
irb> contact.save!

# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles.rb
def change
  create_enum :article_status, ["draft", "published", "archived"]

  create_table :articles do |t|
    t.enum :status, enum_type: :article_status, default: "draft", null: false
  end
end

# db/migrate/20230113024409_add_status_to_articles.rb
def change
  create_enum :article_status, ["draft", "published", "archived"]

  add_column :articles, :status, :enum, enum_type: :article_status, default: "draft", null: false
end

def down
  drop_table :articles

  # หรือ: remove_column :articles, :status
  drop_enum :article_status
end

# app/models/article.rb
class Article < ApplicationRecord
  enum status: {
    draft: "draft", published: "published", archived: "archived"
  }, _prefix: true
end

irb> article = Article.create
irb> article.status
=> "draft" # สถานะเริ่มต้นจาก PostgreSQL ตามที่กำหนดในการเปลี่ยนแปลงด้านบน

irb> article.status_published!
irb> article.status
=> "published"

irb> article.status_archived?
=> false

irb> article.status = "deleted"
ArgumentError: 'deleted' ไม่ใช่สถานะที่ถูกต้อง

# db/migrate/20150718144917_rename_article_status.rb
def change
  rename_enum :article_status, to: :article_state
end

# db/migrate/20150720144913_add_new_state_to_articles.rb
def up
  add_enum_value :article_state, "archived", # จะอยู่ที่ท้ายหลัง published
  add_enum_value :article_state, "in review", before: "published"
  add_enum_value :article_state, "approved", after: "in review"
end

# db/migrate/20150722144915_rename_article_state.rb
def change
  rename_enum_value :article_state, from: "archived", to: "deleted"
end

# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_revisions.rb
create_table :revisions do |t|
  t.uuid :identifier
end

# app/models/revision.rb
class Revision < ApplicationRecord
end

irb> Revision.create identifier: "A0EEBC99-9C0B-4EF8-BB6D-6BB9BD380A11"

irb> revision = Revision.first
irb> revision.identifier
=> "a0eebc99-9c0b-4ef8-bb6d-6bb9bd380a11"

# db/migrate/20150418012400_create_blog.rb
enable_extension 'pgcrypto' unless extension_enabled?('pgcrypto')
create_table :posts, id: :uuid

create_table :comments, id: :uuid do |t|
  # t.belongs_to :post, type: :uuid
  t.references :post, type: :uuid
end

# app/models/post.rb
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :comments
end

# app/models/comment.rb
class Comment < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :post
end

# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb
create_table :users, force: true do |t|
  t.column :settings, "bit(8)"
end

# app/models/user.rb
class User < ApplicationRecord
end

irb> User.create settings: "01010011"
irb> user = User.first
irb> user.settings
=> "01010011"
irb> user.settings = "0xAF"
irb> user.settings
=> "10101111"
irb> user.save!

# db/migrate/20140508144913_create_devices.rb
create_table(:devices, force: true) do |t|
  t.inet 'ip'
  t.cidr 'network'
  t.macaddr 'address'
end

# app/models/device.rb
class Device < ApplicationRecord
end

irb> macbook = Device.create(ip: "192.168.1.12", network: "192.168.2.0/24", address: "32:01:16:6d:05:ef")

irb> macbook.ip
=> #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.1.12/255.255.255.255>

irb> macbook.network
=> #<IPAddr: IPv4:192.168.2.0/255.255.255.0>

irb> macbook.address
=> "32:01:16:6d:05:ef"

# db/migrate/20200120000000_create_events.rb
create_table :events do |t|
  t.interval 'duration'
end

# app/models/event.rb
class Event < ApplicationRecord
end

irb> Event.create(duration: 2.days)

irb> event = Event.first
irb> event.duration
=> 2 days

# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_devices.rb
enable_extension 'pgcrypto' unless extension_enabled?('pgcrypto')
create_table :devices, id: :uuid do |t|
  t.string :kind
end

# app/models/device.rb
class Device < ApplicationRecord
end

irb> device = Device.create
irb> device.id
=> "814865cd-5a1d-4771-9306-4268f188fe9e"

$ rails generate model Device --primary-key-type=uuid kind:string

# db/migrate/20131220144913_add_index_users_on_email_include_id.rb

add_index :users, :email, include: :id

# db/migrate/20131220144913_add_index_users_on_email_include_id_and_created_at.rb

add_index :users, :email, include: [:id, :created_at]

# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_users.rb
create_table :users do |t|
  t.string :name
  t.virtual :name_upcased, type: :string, as: 'upper(name)', stored: true
end

# app/models/user.rb
class User < ApplicationRecord
end

# การใช้งาน
user = User.create(name: 'John')
User.last.name_upcased # => "JOHN"

add_reference :person, :alias, foreign_key: { deferrable: :deferred }
add_reference :alias, :person, foreign_key: { deferrable: :deferred }

ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction do
  person = Person.create(id: SecureRandom.uuid, alias_id: SecureRandom.uuid, name: "John Doe")
  Alias.create(id: person.alias_id, person_id: person.id, name: "jaydee")
end

ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
  ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED")
  person = Person.create(alias_id: SecureRandom.uuid, name: "John Doe")
  Alias.create(id: person.alias_id, person_id: person.id, name: "jaydee")
end

# db/migrate/20230422225213_create_items.rb
create_table :items do |t|
  t.integer :position, null: false
  t.unique_key [:position], deferrable: :immediate
end

add_unique_key :items, deferrable: :deferred, using_index: "index_items_on_position"

# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_products.rb
create_table :products do |t|
  t.integer :price, null: false
  t.daterange :availability_range, null: false

  t.exclusion_constraint "price WITH =, availability_range WITH &&", using: :gist, name: "price_check"
end

# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_documents.rb
create_table :documents do |t|
  t.string :title
  t.string :body
end

add_index :documents, "to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body)", using: :gin, name: 'documents_idx'

# app/models/document.rb
class Document < ApplicationRecord
end

# การใช้งาน
Document.create(title: "Cats and Dogs", body: "are nice!")

## เอกสารทั้งหมดที่ตรงกับ 'cat & dog'
Document.where("to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body) @@ to_tsquery(?)",
                 "cat & dog")

# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_documents.rb
create_table :documents do |t|
  t.string :title
  t.string :body

  t.virtual :textsearchable_index_col,
            type: :tsvector, as: "to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body)", stored: true
end

add_index :documents, :textsearchable_index_col, using: :gin, name: 'documents_idx'

# การใช้งาน
Document.create(title: "Cats and Dogs", body: "are nice!")

## เอกสารทั้งหมดที่ตรงกับ 'cat & dog'
Document.where("textsearchable_index_col @@ to_tsquery(?)", "cat & dog")

rails_pg_guide=# \d "TBL_ART"
                                        Table "public.TBL_ART"
   Column   |            Type             |                         Modifiers
------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------
 INT_ID     | integer                     | not null default nextval('"TBL_ART_INT_ID_seq"'::regclass)
 STR_TITLE  | character varying           |
 STR_STAT   | character varying           | default 'draft'::character varying
 DT_PUBL_AT | timestamp without time zone |
 BL_ARCH    | boolean                     | default false
Indexes:
    "TBL_ART_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree ("INT_ID")

# db/migrate/20131220144913_create_articles_view.rb
execute <<-SQL
CREATE VIEW articles AS
  SELECT "INT_ID" AS id,
         "STR_TITLE" AS title,
         "STR_STAT" AS status,
         "DT_PUBL_AT" AS published_at,
         "BL_ARCH" AS archived
  FROM "TBL_ART"
  WHERE "BL_ARCH" = 'f'
SQL

# app/models/article.rb
class Article < ApplicationRecord
  self.primary_key = "id"
  def archive!
    update_attribute :archived, true
  end
end

irb> first = Article.create! title: "Winter is coming", status: "published", published_at: 1.year.ago
irb> second = Article.create! title: "Brace yourself", status: "draft", published_at: 1.month.ago

irb> Article.count
=> 2
irb> first.archive!
irb> Article.count
=> 1

ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = ['--no-comments']